Glossary of terms related to Longevity and Healthspan

Acetoacetate

Acetoacetate – also known as acetoacetic acid – is an acidic ketone body produced via ketogenesis. It is utilized as a form of energy in the body. Other ketone bodies such as acetone and β-HB are derived from acetoacetate.

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Acetone

Acetone – also known as dimethyl ketone – is a volatile and flammable solvent. It is a ketone responsible for the sweet fruity odor in ketoacidosis in infants. It is produced by spontaneous acetoacetate decarboxylation.

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Acetyl Group

Acetyl group is a type of acyl group also known as ethanoyl group. It is derived from the decarboxylation of acetic acid. Acetyl groups are functional groups that are a part of several compounds such as acetone and acetylcholine.

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Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Beta-hydroxybutyrate is the most abundant ketone in a mammal’s body. It is used as an alternative source of energy when the body doesn’t have enough. It has been shown to affect lipid metabolism and metabolic rate hence showing relevance in interventions such as fasting and the ketogenic diets.

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Betaine

Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is a quaternary ammonium compound found in a variety of foods, including beets, spinach, and grains. It plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, primarily through its involvement in one-carbon metabolism. Betaine supplements has been associated with numerous health benefits, making it a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

Biogerontology

Biogerontology is the study of aging and its process on a biological basis. It covers the genetics, physiological, and cellular aspects of aging. This is being studied to improve and maintain one’s health as well as minimize the onset of age-related diseases and prolong one’s lifespan.

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Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF)

Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor is a neurotrophin that has a neuroprotective effect and is essential in learning and memory. Reduced levels of BDNF are shown in neuropsychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. BDNF is responsible for the regulation of glucose and energy metabolism.

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C-Reactive Protein

C-Reactive Protein is a pentameric protein produced in the liver. Its levels increase when in response to inflammatory stimuli. This protein was discovered in 1930 by William Tillett and Thomas Francis.

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Caspase-1

Caspase-1 is an inflammatory cysteine protease that is activated by inflammasome complexes. It is responsible for processing Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-18 into their active forms. These inflammatory cytokines are important for the generation of a systemic immune response.

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Cell

Cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Cells are the building blocks of the body and have different types which carry out their respective specialized functions.

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Chaperone Proteins

Chaperone proteins are proteins that assist the protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. It also prevents protein aggregation and facilitates the degradation of proteins. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are an example of this.

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Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex substance made up of DNA and proteins. It is a principal part of the cell’s nucleus where it forms chromosomes. There are two types of chromatin – euchromatin, and heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is more highly condensed and gene-poor while euchromatin is less condensed and gene-rich. Euchromatin is more easily transcribed compared to heterochromatin.

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Codons

Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that specify an amino acid. An example of this is the start and stop codon. The start codon (AUG) is methionine which marks the start of the protein and the end codon (UAA) which makes the end of the protein.

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CpG Island

CpG islands are regions of the genomes that have high concentrations of phosphate-linked cytosine-guanine pairs and composed of a large number of CpG dinucleotides. Demethylated CpGs indicated that genes are expressed while methylated CpGs can inactivate gene expression.

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Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)

CRISPR is a region of DNA composed of short and repeated sequences with spacers in between reach short repeated sequence. CRISPR/Cas9 editing system is a new approach to gene editing.

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Cryonics

Cryonics is method of preservation for humans and animals. The bodies are stored in a very low temperature in for the purpose of reviving the subject in the future and/or cure their illness that caused their demise. This practice can only be done once the subject is announced legally dead.

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Cryopreservation

Cryopreservation is a method of preservation that uses very low temperatures to preserve tissues and cells. This practice is commonly used in tissue and organ banking. Cryopreservation can be done by rapid or gradual cooling with dehydration.

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Cyclic Ketogenic Diet (CKD)

Cyclic Ketogenic Diet is a lifestyle practice that involves alternating ketogenic diet days and high carbohydrate consumption days. It improves athletic performance and increases muscle growth.

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Cytokines

Cytokines are small cells excreted as an immune response which results to eliciting inflammation in to body. There are different types of cytokines based by what cells produces them. These types includes monokine – produced by monocytes – interleukin – produced by leukocytes –, lymphokines – produced by lymphocytes.

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Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus is a common virus that can be transmitted through direct contact, body fluids – such as breast milk, saliva, urine, and semen –, and organ and blood transfusion. CMV is associated with hepatitis, chickenpox, and mononucleosis.

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Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a liquid that fills the cell membrane. In eukaryotes, everything is enclosed in the cell membrane except the nucleus. In prokaryotes, everything is enclosed in the cell membrane since prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus. Both organisms have cytosol which is a gel-like component of cytoplasm that contains ions and molecules.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-stranded helixmade of nucleotide base pairs that is responsible for storing the genetic information of an organism. This base pairs are purine-pyrimindine pairs – Adenine (A) with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C).

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious and life-threatening complication of diabetes. This is more common in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes. This occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin for the body to use as energy. The body breaksdown fat as an alternative source which produces ketones.

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Reference https://www.cdc.gov

Reference https://www.diabetes.org

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a set of recommended quantitative values for nutrient consumption. This is used as a standard and guideline to plan and evaluate diets for healthy individuals.

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Dietary Restriction (DR)

Dietary Restriction (DR) is a type of intervention that reduces or limits a particular nutrient without causing malnutrition. It can slow down aging and prolong one’s lifespan. Caloric restriction is a type of dietary restriction.

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Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the all the factors involved in the presence or absence of a certain disease in a specific population. Under this, prevalence, incidence, demographic, and causes are investigated.

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Epigenome

Epigenome is a set of chemical modifications to the DNA and its proteins. Its function is to regulate the activity level and expression of genes. Epigenomes can be affected by one’s lifestyle and environment since some of these factors stimulate a chemical response.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. Genetics explains how an offspring can inherit certain traits and characteristics from their parents. Gregor Mendel is an Austrian scientist referred to as the “Father of Genetics” due to his pea experiment where he tracked how traits – round vs wrinkled peas – are passed down through generations.

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Gerontology

Gerontology is the study of all areas of aging. It covers the biological, psychological, and social aspects which include the aging process and age-related diseases.

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Hallmarks for Aging

Hallmarks for aging are distinguishable characters one can see as they grow old. There are three categories – Primary Hallmarks, Antagonistic Hallmarks, and Integrative Hallmarks – that happen consequentially. Primary Hallmarks – genome instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis – cause the damage. Antagonistic Hallmarks – deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence – are the response to the damage. Integrative Hallmarks – stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication – are the functional result of the previous two categories.

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Healthspan

Healthspan is the period of an individual’s life wherein one is free from illness, chronic diseases, and disabilities. Healthspan begins at birth and ends at a time when one is no longer healthy.

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Hormesis

Hormesis is the biphasic dose-response curve that is characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition of a substance. It was termed by Chester Southam and John Erlich termed it in 1943 to describe a wood-decaying fungi’s growth stimulation.

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Inflammaging

Inflammaging is the chronic, sterile, and low-grade inflammation due to senescence. It is a contraction of “inflammation” and “aging”. It was coined by Professor Claudio Franceschi.

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Ketone

Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group attached to a carbon atom. β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) is one of the most abundant ketone bodies in the body. An increase in β-HB has been shown to prevent or improve age-related diseases. Supplements containing ketones have been shown to delay age-related diseases and extend one’s lifespan.

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Lifespan

Lifespan is the period between birth and death observed in a member of a species. The lifespan variations between species are said to result from many factors related to genetics.

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Longevity Escape Velocity

Longevity Escape Velocity is the concept that one’s life expectancy would increase more than the passage of time by developing cures for age-related diseases. If a year was given, life expectancy would increase more than a year due to these developments. It was termed by Aubrey de Grey, a biogerontologist and well-known advocate of radical life extension. It is also called actuarial escape velocity.

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Metabolic health

Metabolic health is when one meets the ideal levels of blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, and waist circumference without the need for medical intervention. In short, it is the absence of metabolic syndrome which involves abnormal levels of all the said factors and increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

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Metabolism

Metabolism is the process of breaking down the food and drinks one consumes and converting it into energy for the body to use. Though metabolism intensity is different in every person, factors such as age, physical activity, and diet can also affect its speed.

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Microbiome

Microbiome is a group of microorganisms inhabiting a specific environment including parts of the body. The microbiome found in the gut of humans is considered a key factor in the aging process. A decrease in microbiomes – specifically Bacteroides – is found to be the pattern of a healthy aging process, but unusual shifts in the gut microbiome can also cause age-related chronic diseases.

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Immunotherapy

Where the immune system is manipulated/restored to identify and destroy targets that it otherwise overlooks.

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Reference https://www.health.harvard.edu

Reference https://www.cancer.org

In Vitro

Outside the living body and in an artificial environment.

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In Vivo

In the living body of a plant or animal.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)

Artificially created stem cells, genetically “reprogrammed” by the introduction of particular genes to assume a stem cell-like state.

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INDY (I'm Not Dead Yet)

A protein-encoding gene implicated in aging in the model of organism Drosophila melanogaster.

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Inflammaging

The low-grade pro-inflammatory status of the immune system that appears to contribute to the aging process.

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Inflammasome

The inflammasome is a complex of proteins that plays a critical role in mounting an inflammatory response in reply to a harmful stimulus that compromises the homeostatic state of the tissue. These innate immune system receptors and sensors regulate the activation of caspase-1 and induce inflammation in response to infectious microbes and molecules derived from host proteins.

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Inflammation

A local response to cellular injury that is marked by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, and pain and that serves as a mechanism initiating the elimination of noxious agents and of damaged tissue.

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Innate Immune System

Natural immunity which is the body’s first line of defense against infection.

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Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

A hormone, similar in molecular structure to insulin, is produced to promote cell growth and division.

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Intermittent Fasting (IF)

A dietary approach that requires fasting for varying periods of time, typically for 12 hours or longer.

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Keto Flu

While not a recognized medical condition, the keto flu is a group of symptoms that that may occur a few days after starting the keto diet and include fatigue, brain fog, irritability, headaches, difficulty sleeping, nausea, and constipation.

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Ketogenesis

The production of ketone bodies.

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Ketogenic Diet

A diet that supplies large amounts of fats, moderate amounts of proteins, and minimal amounts of carbohydrates; and that is undertaken for weight loss or to control seizures in treatment-resistant epilepsy. As the body is deprived of carbohydrates in the ketogenic diet, insulin secretion drops and glycogen stores in the body become depleted. The body then enters a state of nutritional ketosis where ketone bodies formed by the metabolism of fatty acids replace glucose as the primary energy source. Also known as the “Keto Diet”.

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Ketone Bodies

Any of the three compounds acetoacetic acid, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid which are normal intermediates in lipid metabolism and accumulate in the blood and urine in abnormal amounts in conditions of impaired metabolism.

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Ketone Ester

A family of compounds that are comprised of two or more ketones (like the ones the body makes) or ketone precursors (like 1,3-butanediol, a medium chain fatty acid or glycerol) that are joined together by a ester bond that can easily be broken down in the gut to release the ketones and precursor molecules into the blood.

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Ketone Salts

A form of exogenous ketones bound to sodium or other minerals and taken orally or otherwise to help switch the body into a ketogenic state.

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Ketosis

A metabolic state characterized by very high levels of blood ketones which the body burns fat instead of carbohydrates as a primary energy source.

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Kleiber’s Law

The law named after Max Kleiber which postulates that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the ¾ power of the animal’s mass.

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Klotho

A protein that appears to have some control over rodent and human sensitivity to aging– thereby to have a role in aging.

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Krebs Cycle

The process of removal of electrons from nutrients, allowing the cellular respiration by which most living cells generate ATP to distribute energy.

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Lean Body Mass (LBM)

Total body weight is believed to be comprised of fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM). FFM consists of muscle, bone, vital organs and extracellular fluid. Technically, lean body weight (LBW) differs from FFM because lipids in cellular membranes, the CNS and bone marrow are included in LBW[10] but not in FFM. However, as lipid included with LBW is generally a small fraction of total body weight (approximately 3% in males and 5% in females), the terms FFM and LBW for the purposes of assessing body composition for drug administration can be considered interchangeable. In the literature, bone mass has at times been included in LBM and at other times not included.

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Lean Body Weight (LBW)

Total body weight is believed to be comprised of fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM). FFM consists of muscle, bone, vital organs and extracellular fluid. Technically, LBW differs from FFM because lipids in cellular membranes, the CNS and bone marrow are included in LBW[10] but not in FFM. However, as lipid included with LBW is generally a small fraction of total body weight (approximately 3% in males and 5% in females), the terms FFM and LBW for the purposes of assessing body composition for drug administration can be considered interchangeable. In the literature, bone mass has at times been included in lean body mass (LBM) and at other times not included.

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Leptin

A peptide hormone that is produced by fat cells and plays a role in body weight regulation by acting on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and burn fat stored in adipose tissue.

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Life Expectancy (LE)

Refers to the number of years a person can expect to live.

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Ligand

The duration of existence of an individual; the average length of life of a kind of organism or of a material object especially in a particular environment or under specified circumstances.

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Lipolysis

The biochemical pathway responsible for the catabolism of triacylglycerol (TAG) stored in cellular lipid droplets. The hydrolytic cleavage of TAG generates non-esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as energy substrates, essential precursors for lipid and membrane synthesis, or mediators in cell signaling processes.

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Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Often referred to as “bad cholesterol.”

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L-theanine

An amino acid found in tea and some mushrooms. It comes in two forms: L-theanine and D-theanine. L-theanine is the most common form.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A group of genes in mammals that code for cell-surface polymorphic glycoprotein molecules which display antigenic peptide fragments for T cell recognition and aid in the ability of the immune system to determine self from oneself —often used before another noun —abbreviation MHC.

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Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)

In mammalian cells, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the essential mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies the free radical superoxide, the major by-product of mitochondrial respiration.

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Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)

A protein in humans encoded by the mTOR gene that has been implicated in aging.

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Medawar-Williams Theory

A theory of aging which posits that accumulated mutations in our genome put an eventual limit on our existence.

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Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT)

A type of saturated fatty acid that contains 6-12 carbons and that is found in butter, palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that creates egg and sperm cells.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)

A type of stem cell that self-renews and can mature into a large number of cell types including connective tissue, fat tissue, bones, and cartilage.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A strand of RNA that encodes a protein.

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Metabolic Disorders

A cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

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Metallothionein 2 Gene (Mt2)

Metallothioneins (MT) are the group of low molecular weight, metal binding proteins that are prevalent in many organisms. MT proteins are encoded by metallothionein (MT) gene family that is located on chromosome 16q13. Up-regulation of MT genes are reported in different types of cancer, and increased MTe xpression is closely associated with higher malignancy grade of astrocytic gliomas. MT2 genes can be used as markers for malignancy of astrocytic gliomas and also to prognosticate a patient's survival.

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Metformin

An oral, diabetic drug that helps control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

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Methylation

A chemical reaction in the body in which a small molecule called a methyl group gets added to DNA, proteins, or other molecules.

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Microbiome

All of the microorganisms, and their collective genetic material, present in or on the human body or in another environment.

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Mitochondrion

Any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes. "

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Mitosis

A process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, that involves typically a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

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Molecular Pathways

A series of interactions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain endpoint or cell function.

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Mutations

Heritable, permanent changes in DNA sequences in chromosomes. "

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Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (Myc)

A family of master-regulator transcription factor genes that are important in cell division, metabolism and survival.

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Haematopoiesis

The process by which blood cells are formed. In about half of those over the age of 75, clonal mutations in the cells that underpin haematopoiesis develop, leading to an increase in leukaemia and cardiovascular disease.

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Haematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

A cell found in bone marrow, peripheral blood and the umbilical cord which can develop into all types of blood cells.

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Hayflick Limit

Leonard Hayflick’s finding that a cell’s ability to divide is limited to approximately 50 divisions, due to the shortening of telomeres upon each cell division.

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Alfalfa

Alfalfa, scientifically known as Medicago sativa, is a versatile and nutrient-rich plant that has been cultivated for centuries for its various health benefits. Alfalfa is a perennial legume that is primarily grown as a forage crop for livestock, but it also offers numerous health benefits for humans. Its leaves, sprouts, and seeds are rich in essential nutrients, making it a valuable addition to the diet. Alfalfa supplements has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its medicinal properties, and modern research has supported many of these claims. From improving digestion to enhancing bone health, alfalfa provides a wide range of health benefits.

Alkaline

In the world of nutrition and wellness, the term "alkaline" has gained significant attention in recent years. It refers to the pH level of substances, with a pH above 7 considered alkaline or basic. Alkaline supplements are often associated with various health benefits, and they play a crucial role in maintaining the body's delicate pH balance.

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha, scientifically known as Withania somnifera, is a revered herb deeply rooted in the traditional systems of medicine, particularly Ayurveda. The Ashwagandha supplement has gained global recognition for its wide array of health benefits. The name "Ashwagandha" is derived from Sanskrit, where "Ashwa" means horse, and "Gandha" means smell, signifying its ability to impart the strength and vitality of a horse.

Berberine

Berberine is a natural compound found in various plants, particularly in the roots, stems, and bark of plants such as Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Coptis chinensis (Chinese goldthread), and Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal). This bright yellow alkaloid has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, especially in Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal remedies. Berberine supplements has gained significant attention in modern times due to its potential health benefits.

Betaine

Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is a quaternary ammonium compound found in a variety of foods, including beets, spinach, and grains. It plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, primarily through its involvement in one-carbon metabolism. Betaine supplements has been associated with numerous health benefits, making it a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

Biotin

Biotin, also known as Vitamin H or B7, is a water-soluble B-vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It is essential for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, as well as for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Biotin supplements is naturally present in a wide range of foods and is also available as a dietary supplement.

Calcium

Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a fundamental role in the human body. It is the most abundant mineral in the body, primarily found in the bones and teeth. Beyond its well-known role in maintaining skeletal health, calcium supplements is involved in various other essential functions, making it crucial for overall well-being.

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate is a salt composed of calcium and alpha-ketoglutarate. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate supplements are gaining attention for its potential health benefits, particularly in the realms of bone health, exercise performance, and overall well-being.

Carrot Powder

Carrot powder is a finely ground form of dehydrated carrots, prized for its convenience, versatility, and health-promoting properties. It retains the nutritional goodness of fresh carrots while offering extended shelf life and easy integration into a variety of dishes. Carrot powder supplement is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, making it a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

Chromium

Chromium is a trace mineral that is required in small amounts but has a big impact on human health. It is primarily found in two forms: trivalent chromium (chromium-3) and hexavalent chromium (chromium-6), with the former being the biologically active and beneficial form. Chromium supplements are obtained through dietary sources, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats, and is essential for various bodily functions.

Chlorella

Chlorella, a single-celled freshwater microalgae, is a green wonder that has captured the attention of health enthusiasts worldwide. Packed with an abundance of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, Chlorella supplements offers a plethora of health benefits. In this glossary, we delve into the numerous advantages of Chlorella, highlighting its potential to elevate overall well-being.

Copper Gluconate

Copper gluconate is a copper supplement commonly used to support various bodily functions. Copper, an essential trace mineral, plays a pivotal role in several physiological processes, including the formation of red blood cells, connective tissue development, and immune system support. It is available in various forms, with copper gluconate supplements being one of the most commonly used due to its high bioavailability.

Fisetin

Fisetin is a bioactive flavonol found in a range of foods, particularly fruits and vegetables such as strawberries, apples, onions, and cucumbers. This natural compound has garnered considerable scientific interest due to its potential health benefits. Fisetin supplements are known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, making it a promising candidate in the pursuit of improved health and longevity.

Folate

Folate, or vitamin B9, is a crucial water-soluble vitamin necessary for various bodily functions. It is essential for cell division, DNA synthesis, and the production of red blood cells. Folate has garnered particular attention for its significance during pregnancy, as it helps prevent neural tube defects in developing fetuses. In addition to this critical role, folate offers a range of health benefits, from supporting heart health to maintaining cognitive function.

Gamma Tocotrienol

Gamma Tocotrienol is one of the four naturally occurring tocotrienols within the vitamin E family, alongside alpha, beta, and delta tocotrienols. Despite sharing some common traits with other tocotrienols, gamma-T3 stands out for its unique health-promoting attributes. Gamma Tocotrienol supplements are predominantly found in various vegetable oils, including palm oil, rice bran oil, and barley oil.

Green Tea Extract 

Green tea extract is a natural compound derived from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Green tea supplements is renowned for its numerous health benefits and has been consumed for centuries, particularly in Asian cultures.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in various physiological functions within the human body. Magnesium supplements involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, making it crucial for overall health and well-being. From supporting strong bones and a healthy heart to promoting muscle function and mental well-being, magnesium is a versatile mineral with numerous health benefits.

Magnesium Aspartate

Magnesium aspartate is a mineral supplement that combines magnesium, an essential mineral, with aspartic acid, an amino acid. This compound is often used to address magnesium deficiencies, as it enhances magnesium absorption in the body. Magnesium is crucial for various bodily functions and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, making magnesium aspartate supplements a valuable dietary addition.

Magnesium Bisglycinate

Magnesium bisglycinate is a highly bioavailable and well-tolerated form of magnesium, where magnesium ions are bound to two glycine molecules. Magnesium bisglycinate supplements is a unique chelation process enhances the absorption of magnesium in the body, making it an excellent choice for individuals seeking to address magnesium deficiencies and enjoy the associated health benefits.

Magnesium Orotate 

Magnesium orotate is a supplement that provides magnesium, an essential mineral crucial for various bodily functions. This compound is formed by binding magnesium ions with orotic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the body. Magnesium orotate supplements is known for its potential health benefits, including supporting heart health, improving athletic performance, and promoting overall well-being.

Magnesium Taurate 

Magnesium Taurate is a compound composed of magnesium and taurine, two essential nutrients that play crucial roles in the body. Magnesium Taurate supplements combine the relaxing properties of magnesium with the calming effects of taurine, making it a potent option for individuals seeking improved overall health and wellbeing.

Myo-inositol

Myo-inositol, often simply referred to as inositol, is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. It is a versatile compound known for its involvement in cell signaling, neurotransmitter function, and the regulation of insulin sensitivity. Myo-inositol supplements are commonly found in various foods and can also be synthesized within the body.

Myricetin

Myricetin is a natural flavonoid compound found in a variety of plant-based foods. Myricetin supplements belongs to the flavonol class of flavonoids and is renowned for its numerous potential health benefits.

Niacin

Niacin is a member of the B-vitamin family, and it exists in two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. It is an indispensable nutrient that the body requires for optimal health. Niacin supplements is involved in numerous metabolic processes, primarily related to energy production and DNA repair. Furthermore, niacin offers several health benefits, such as promoting heart health, supporting skin integrity, and enhancing cognitive function.

Nicotinamide Riboside

Nicotinamide Riboside, also known as NR, is a form of vitamin B3 that plays a crucial role in cellular energy production and various metabolic processes. It is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme essential for maintaining the health and function of cells throughout the body. NR Nicotinamide Riboside supplement is naturally found in small quantities in some foods, such as milk, but it is primarily taken as a dietary supplement to support overall well-being and address various health concerns.

Organic Apple Powder

Organic Apple Powder is a versatile and nutritious ingredient derived from dried, organic apples. Packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, it offers a convenient way to incorporate the goodness of apples into your daily diet. This glossary provides an in-depth look at Organic Apple Powder supplements, its production process, and its key health benefits.

Organic Barley Seedling Powder

Organic Barley Seedling Powder is a nutrient-rich superfood derived from young barley plants. It has gained popularity for its numerous health benefits and versatility in various culinary applications. Organic Barley Seedling Powder supplements packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, this green powder is a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

Organic Moringa Leaf Powder

Organic Moringa Leaf Powder, derived from the leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree, is a green superfood known for its exceptional nutritional content. This powder is obtained by drying and grinding Moringa leaves, preserving their natural goodness. It is a rich source of essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and amino acids, making it a valuable addition to a healthy diet. Organic Moringa Leaf supplements offers a wide array of health benefits, making it a popular choice among health-conscious individuals.

Organic Papaya Powder

Organic papaya powder is a natural and nutritious product made from ripe, organic papayas that have been carefully processed and dehydrated to create a convenient and versatile dietary supplement. Organic papaya powder supplement is packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular choice for health-conscious individuals.

Organic Spinach Powder

Organic spinach powder is a versatile and nutrient-packed dietary supplement derived from dried and ground organic spinach leaves. Organic spinach powder supplements has a vibrant green powder is a popular choice among health-conscious individuals and culinary enthusiasts alike due to its convenience and numerous health benefits.

Organic Spirinula

Organic Spirulina powder is a green-blue microalgae that has been consumed for centuries due to its potent nutritional profile. It contains a wide range of essential nutrients, making it a popular choice for individuals seeking to boost their overall health. This glossary will delve into the key health benefits associated with organic Spirulina supplements, shedding light on its potential to enhance well-being.

Potassium

Potassium is a vital nutrient required for maintaining optimal health. It is involved in several physiological processes, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and fluid balance. A balanced intake of potassium supplements is crucial for preventing various health issues, such as high blood pressure and muscle weakness. This glossary explores the significance of potassium and its role in promoting overall well-being.

Quercetin  

Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant that belongs to a group of compounds called flavonoids. It is widely distributed in plant-based foods, such as apples, onions, and broccoli. Quercetin supplements health-promoting properties stem from its ability to neutralize harmful free radicals, reduce inflammation, and support various physiological functions. This versatile flavonoid has been linked to numerous health benefits, making it a valuable addition to a balanced diet.

Riboflavin

Riboflavin, also known as Vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Riboflavin supplements key component of the B-vitamin complex and is essential for various bodily functions.

Selenium

Selenium, a vital trace element, plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health and well-being. It is an essential micronutrient that the body requires in small quantities for various physiological processes. Selenium supplements primarily functions as a cofactor for selenoproteins, which are enzymes responsible for numerous biological functions.

Sodium

Sodium is an electrolyte that is indispensable for maintaining several bodily functions, primarily fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contractions. It is obtained through dietary sources, with common salt (sodium chloride) being the most well-known. While sodium supplements is vital for health, excessive consumption can lead to adverse health effects, such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. A balanced approach to sodium intake is essential for overall well-being.

Spermidine

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine, part of a group of organic compounds found in nearly all living cells. It is derived from the amino acid arginine and is essential for various cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and maintenance. Spermidine supplement's roles in the body are diverse, and its consumption through diet or supplements has gained attention for its potential health-promoting effects.

Pantothenic Acid

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble essential nutrient that plays a pivotal role in various bodily functions. Pantothenic acid supplement is a member of the B-vitamin family and is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule that is fundamental in numerous metabolic pathways.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an essential mineral found abundantly in the human body, playing a pivotal role in various physiological processes. Phosphorus supplements is an integral component of DNA, RNA, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the body's primary energy currency.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a group of fat-soluble compounds essential for various bodily functions. It supports vision, immune system function, skin health, and the development of vital organs. There are two main types of vitamin A: preformed vitamin A, found in animal products, and provitamin A carotenoids, found in plant-based foods. Adequate intake of vitamin A supplement is essential for maintaining good health and preventing deficiencies, which can lead to various health issues.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. Vitamin B6 supplement part of the B-complex group of vitamins, which are essential for maintaining good health.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for various bodily functions. From energy production to neurological health, vitamin B12 supplements play a pivotal role in keeping our bodies functioning optimally. Discover the importance of this nutrient through the following sections.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Vitamin C supplement an essential nutrient that the human body cannot produce on its own, making it necessary to obtain an adequate amount through dietary sources or supplements.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, encompasses a group of fat-soluble compounds with powerful antioxidant properties. It is essential for maintaining the health of various bodily systems, including the skin, immune system, and cardiovascular system. While deficiency is rare, inadequate intake can lead to health issues. A balanced diet rich in Vitamin E supplements sources like nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables can help ensure optimal health

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Vitamin K2

Vitamin K2 is a fat-soluble vitamin that belongs to the Vitamin K family. It is primarily known for its role in calcium metabolism, which is vital for maintaining bone density and preventing cardiovascular diseases. This vitamin is naturally synthesized by certain gut bacteria and can also be obtained from dietary sources. Vitamin K2 supplement is often divided into several subtypes, with menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) being the most studied. Its key health benefits include bone health, cardiovascular support, and potential roles in cancer prevention and skin health.

Thiamin

Thiamin, also known as Vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being. It is one of the essential B vitamins necessary for proper bodily functioning. Thiamin supplements is involved in various physiological processes, primarily energy metabolism and nervous system health.

TMG 

Trimethylglycine (TMG) powder, also known as betaine anhydrous, is a naturally occurring compound found in various foods like beets and spinach. Recognized for its potential health benefits, TMG supplements are widely available as a dietary supplement in powder form.

Zinc

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that the body requires for numerous physiological processes. Zinc supplements involved in immune function, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and many other critical functions. Since the human body cannot store zinc, it must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Deficiencies in zinc can lead to a range of health issues, while adequate zinc intake can promote overall health.

Theaflavins 

Theaflavins are a group of polyphenolic compounds found in tea, particularly black tea. They are responsible for many of the health benefits associated with tea consumption. Theaflavins supplements are formed through the oxidation of catechins, which are present in tea leaves. These compounds not only contribute to the unique flavor and colour of black tea but also offer a range of potential health advantages.

Magnesium Malate

Magnesium malate is a supplement that combines the essential mineral magnesium with malic acid. Magnesium malate supplements has a unique compound offers a range of health benefits and is commonly used as a dietary supplement.

Black Pepper

Black Pepper, scientifically known as Piper nigrum, is a beloved spice that has been used for centuries for its culinary and medicinal properties. Native to India, it is now cultivated in various tropical regions across the world. Black Pepper supplement is renowned for its pungent and spicy flavour, making it a staple in kitchens worldwide. Beyond its culinary applications, Black Pepper boasts an array of health benefits, making it a valuable addition to your diet.

Glycine

Glycine is one of the 20 amino acids that make up the building blocks of proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means the body can synthesize it internally, and it can also be obtained through dietary sources. Beyond its role in protein synthesis, glycine supplement serves as a vital neurotransmitter and is involved in numerous physiological functions, making it a critical component of a healthy lifestyle.

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus) is a unique and remarkable mushroom that has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. Also known as the Hedgehog Mushroom or Pom Pom Mushroom, it gets its intriguing name from its appearance, which resembles the flowing mane of a lion. Beyond its culinary uses, Lion's Mane supplement is renowned for its potential health benefits, making it a fascinating subject of research and interest in the field of natural medicine.

Magnesium Citrate

Magnesium citrate is a popular dietary supplement that combines magnesium, an essential mineral, with citric acid. Magnesium citrate supplements are well-known for its numerous health benefits and is widely used to address various health concerns.

Magnesium Chelate

Magnesium chelate is a highly bioavailable form of magnesium in which the mineral is bonded to an amino acid, typically glycine. This chelation process enhances the absorption of magnesium in the body, making it an excellent supplement for maintaining overall health and well-being. Magnesium chelate supplements are an essential mineral involved in numerous physiological processes, and its chelated form offers several key health benefits.

Magnesium Glycinate

Magnesium Glycinate, also known as Magnesium Bisglycinate, is a popular dietary supplement that combines the essential mineral magnesium with the amino acid glycine. Magnesium Glycinate supplement is a unique compound offers numerous health benefits, making it a sought-after choice for individuals looking to improve their overall well-being.

N-Acetyl Cysteine

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a potent antioxidant and amino acid derivative that offers numerous health benefits. It is a precursor to glutathione, the body's most powerful antioxidant, and is known for its ability to support various bodily functions. NAC supplement has gained recognition in the medical and nutritional fields for its role in promoting respiratory health, liver detoxification, mental well-being, and more.

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone

PQQ, short for Pyrroloquinoline Quinone, is a naturally occurring compound found in various foods and crucial for maintaining optimal health. It acts as a cofactor for enzymes in the body and plays a pivotal role in cellular function and energy production. Research suggests that PQQ supplement offers a wide range of health benefits, making it an exciting subject of study in the field of nutrition and health.

Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, including grapes, berries, and peanuts. Resveratrol supplement has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of longevity and disease prevention.

Rosemary Extract

Rosemary extract is a natural herbal remedy that is extracted from the leaves of the rosemary plant. It contains a variety of biologically active compounds that contribute to its numerous health benefits. The Rosemary supplement versatile extract has been used traditionally for its aromatic and medicinal properties and continues to be a popular choice in modern herbal medicine and cooking.

Apigenin

Apigenin is a naturally occurring flavonoid that belongs to the flavone class. It is widely distributed in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs, with parsley, celery, chamomile tea, and certain types of citrus fruits being notable sources. Apigenin supplement is renowned for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties, making it a subject of extensive research in the field of nutrition and healthcare.